對于氰化鍍銅和銅合金電鍍廢水,在破氰后二價銅生成的沉淀物顆粒細小,沉淀分離比較困難,分離成本較高。為此,哈爾濱鍋爐回收公司研究了新的回收工藝,用石灰調節破氰池的pH和作助凝劑,解決了廢銅回收成本高的問題。

　　氰化鍍銅和銅合(he)金廢水的處理

　　用(yong)次氯酸(suan)(suan)鈉破氰(qing)(qing)時,需要將(jiang)含氰(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)pH調節至11～12,傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)工藝是加。破氰(qing)(qing)過程中(zhong)氰(qing)(qing)化(hua)物轉化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)二(er)氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)和氮氣,一價銅(tong)離(li)子被氧化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)二(er)價銅(tong)離(li)子后(hou)生成(cheng)(cheng)堿式(shi)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)銅(tong)細小顆粒懸浮(fu)在廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong),如果自(zi)然(ran)沉(chen)(chen)降(jiang),用(yong)一整天以上的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)仍不能完(wan)全(quan)沉(chen)(chen)淀,需要加入(ru)大計量的(de)(de)(de)助凝劑,并加入(ru)絮凝劑后(hou)才能夠(gou)使沉(chen)(chen)淀完(wan)全(quan)分(fen)離(li)。在沒有回收(shou)氰(qing)(qing)化(hua)鍍銅(tong)和銅(tong)合(he)金廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)之前(qian),是將(jiang)破氰(qing)(qing)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)水(shui)混入(ru)綜(zong)合(he)含酸(suan)(suan)廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong),含酸(suan)(suan)廢(fei)水(shui)用(yong)石(shi)灰法(fa)處理[1],堿式(shi)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)銅(tong)吸附在綜(zong)合(he)廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)(chen)淀物上,沉(chen)(chen)淀分(fen)離(li)。

　　為(wei)了回收銅(tong),新的(de)破(po)氰過程為(wei),在破(po)氰時(shi)(shi)加石灰調節pH,破(po)氰產(chan)生的(de)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)與(yu)氧(yang)化鈣反應生成(cheng)(cheng)碳(tan)酸(suan)鈣,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)堿式碳(tan)酸(suan)銅(tong)與(yu)碳(tan)酸(suan)鈣共沉積(ji)生成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)顆粒沉淀物。

　　其它含銅廢水的處理酸性

　　氰(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)鍍(du)銅(tong)廢水在(zai)破氰(qing)(qing)時銅(tong)離子(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)堿(jian)式碳酸(suan)銅(tong)細小沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)物顆(ke)粒,需要加(jia)入(ru)大計量(liang)的(de)助凝(ning)劑吸(xi)附,然后再(zai)加(jia)絮(xu)凝(ning)劑才能使其沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)分離,處(chu)理成(cheng)本較(jiao)高。在(zai)破氰(qing)(qing)時用(yong)石灰代替燒(shao)堿(jian)調節pH,破氰(qing)(qing)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳與氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈣(gai)反(fan)應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)碳酸(suan)鈣(gai)大顆(ke)粒沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian),堿(jian)式碳酸(suan)銅(tong)與碳酸(suan)鈣(gai)共(gong)沉(chen)(chen)積,解(jie)決了沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)分離困難的(de)問題(ti)。用(yong)石灰處(chu)理焦磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鹽鍍(du)銅(tong)廢水,氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈣(gai)能與焦磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)根(gen)反(fan)應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)焦磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鈣(gai)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian),同(tong)時氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈣(gai)又與銅(tong)離子(zi)反(fan)應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)氫氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong),從而(er)實現銅(tong)的(de)回收。用(yong)石灰處(chu)理焦銅(tong)電(dian)鍍(du)廢水,可實現達標排放。

　　對于氰(qing)化(hua)鍍銅(tong)(tong)和(he)銅(tong)(tong)合金電鍍廢水,在破氰(qing)后(hou)二(er)價(jia)銅(tong)(tong)生成的(de)沉(chen)淀物(wu)顆粒(li)細(xi)小,沉(chen)淀分離(li)(li)比較(jiao)困難,分離(li)(li)成本較(jiao)高。為(wei)此,研(yan)究了新的(de)回收工藝,用石灰調節(jie)破氰(qing)池的(de)pH和(he)作(zuo)助凝劑,解決了銅(tong)(tong)回收成本高的(de)問題(ti)。

　　青銅的(de)分類和(he)用途：

　　青銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)一(yi)種合(he)金，是(shi)以錫、鋁(lv)、鈹、硅、錳、鎘(ge)、鋯、鈦、鎂、鐵等為主要合(he)金元素的銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金。即(ji)除了純銅(tong)(tong)、銅(tong)(tong)-鋅系(黃銅(tong)(tong))、銅(tong)(tong)-鎳系(白(bai)銅(tong)(tong))以外的各類(lei)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金均(jun)可列為青銅(tong)(tong)。

　　由于青(qing)銅中都加入了某(mou)些合(he)金(jin)元素(su)，所以其(qi)強度(du)被大(da)幅(fu)度(du)提升(sheng)，而同時也獲得了某(mou)種特定性(xing)能(neng)。青(qing)銅的(de)抗壓(ya)能(neng)力(li)就變大(da)，雖然(ran)給加工帶來了困難，但是其(qi)高彈性(xing)、抗軟化、高耐蝕、高耐磨等優(you)勢也使得青(qing)銅的(de)應(ying)用領域大(da)大(da)擴(kuo)大(da)。

　　青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)可(ke)以分為(wei)哪(na)些種類呢(ni)？按其主要組成元素分類，青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)可(ke)分為(wei)錫(xi)(xi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(含錫(xi)(xi)磷青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong))、鋁青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鈹青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、硅青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、錳(meng)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鉻青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鎘(ge)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鋯青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鉻鋯青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鈦(tai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鎂青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鐵青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)等。

　　錫青銅

　　錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)以(yi)錫(xi)為主(zhu)要合金元素的銅(tong)(tong)基合金稱錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)。工(gong)業中使(shi)(shi)用的錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)，錫(xi)含量大多在3%～14%之間。錫(xi)含量小于(yu)5%錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)適(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)冷加(jia)工(gong)使(shi)(shi)用;錫(xi)含量為5%～7%的錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)適(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)熱加(jia)工(gong);錫(xi)含量大于(yu)10%的錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)適(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)鑄造。錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)在造船(chuan)、化工(gong)、機(ji)械、儀表(biao)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業中廣泛應用，主(zhu)要用以(yi)制造軸承、軸套等(deng)(deng)耐(nai)磨(mo)零件(jian)和彈簧等(deng)(deng)彈性元件(jian)以(yi)及抗蝕(shi)、抗磁零件(jian)等(deng)(deng)。

　　鋁青(qing)銅

　　鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)以(yi)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)為主要合金(jin)元素(su)的(de)銅(tong)基合金(jin)稱鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)。鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)的(de)力學性(xing)能比(bi)(bi)黃銅(tong)和錫(xi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)高(gao)。實際應用的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)含量(liang)在(zai)(zai)5%～12%之間(jian)，含鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)為5%～7%的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)塑(su)性(xing)好(hao)，適(shi)于冷加(jia)工使用。鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)含量(liang)大(da)于7%～8%后(hou)，強度(du)增加(jia)，但塑(su)性(xing)急劇(ju)下降，因此多在(zai)(zai)鑄態或經熱加(jia)工后(hou)使用。鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)大(da)氣、海水(shui)、海水(shui)碳酸(suan)和大(da)多數有(you)機(ji)酸(suan)中(zhong)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)蝕性(xing)，均比(bi)(bi)黃銅(tong)和錫(xi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)高(gao)。鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)可制造齒輪、軸套、蝸輪等高(gao)強度(du)抗磨(mo)零件以(yi)及高(gao)耐(nai)(nai)蝕性(xing)彈(dan)性(xing)元件。

　　鈹青銅

　　鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)鈹(pi)(pi)為基本元素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金稱鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)含鈹(pi)(pi)量為1.7%～2.5%。鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)彈(dan)(dan)性極限、疲勞極限都很高(gao)，耐磨(mo)性和(he)抗蝕性優(you)異，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)導(dao)電性和(he)導(dao)熱性，還具(ju)有(you)無磁性、受沖(chong)擊時不產生火花等(deng)優(you)點。鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)主要(yao)用于制作精密儀器的(de)重要(yao)彈(dan)(dan)簧、鐘表齒輪、高(gao)速(su)高(gao)壓下工作的(de)軸承、襯套以(yi)及電焊機(ji)電極、防爆工具(ju)、航海羅盤(pan)等(deng)重要(yao)機(ji)件(jian)。