銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)基(ji)材料(liao)，不論處于裸露狀態(tai)，還(huan)是被(bei)包在終產(chan)(chan)品里，在產(chan)(chan)品壽命(ming)周期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個階段都可回(hui)收再(zai)生(sheng)。一般(ban)來說，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于再(zai)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)新(xin)廢(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)占一半以上。而全部廢(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經再(zai)加工(gong)后有大(da)約(yue)1/3以精銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)返回(hui)市場，另2/3以非精煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)重新(xin)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。直接應用(yong)(yong)(yong)廢(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提是嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)堆(dui)放及嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分揀(jian)。直接應用(yong)(yong)(yong)廢(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)有簡化工(gong)藝、設備簡單(dan)、回(hui)收率高、能耗少、成本低、污(wu)染輕等優點。目前，廢(fei)棄(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電纜(lan)和(he)(he)電線是數量較多(duo)且(qie)回(hui)收利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種舊廢(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。相(xiang)比之(zhi)下，廢(fei)棄(qi)電器和(he)(he)汽(qi)車中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊廢(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)回(hui)收利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)要(yao)低得多(duo)，但(dan)當前廢(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究大(da)部分就(jiu)集中(zhong)在這些資源中(zhong)廢(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)上。

　　直(zhi)接應用廢雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)多(duo)少，大體(ti)上反映了一個的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再生(sheng)水平。相比之下，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)廢雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)直(zhi)接使用率較低，每(mei)年約為(wei)20萬噸，僅占廢雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)總回(hui)收量的(de)(de)30%~40%，并且黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工材料的(de)(de)生(sheng)產多(duo)由鄉鎮企(qi)業運作(zuo)，大大降低了經(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)，并在能耗、環保(bao)方面帶來(lai)后(hou)患。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進口廢雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主要(yao)來(lai)自美(mei)(mei)、日、德、俄(e)，其(qi)中美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)居榜(bang)首(shou)，而(er)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)對廢雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)管理又(you)有嚴格的(de)(de)規定(ding)。以(yi)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)分(fen)類標(biao)準作(zuo)為(wei)典型加以(yi)介紹(shao)。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)廢雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)根據純(chun)度(du)進行分(fen)類。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)廢雜(za)(za)金屬再生(sheng)研(yan)究所甚(shen)至把(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)其(qi)合金細分(fen)為(wei)53類。

　　美國(guo)通常把含Cu量(liang)大(da)于(yu)99%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材叫(jiao)做1號銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，1號銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)重(zhong)熔和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，不要求(qiu)(qiu)進(jin)(jin)一步加(jia)(jia)工；把銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含量(liang)很低(di)為94.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)叫(jiao)2號銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，這種(zhong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)金屬(shu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之前，通常一定要重(zhong)熔。其(qi)它常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)等級還(huan)包括(kuo)加(jia)(jia)鉛黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與低(di)鋅黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、彈殼(ke)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、汽(qi)車散(san)熱片、高(gao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紅色黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)），以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)十(shi)分(fen)(fen)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速切削黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)車屑(xie)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)成分(fen)(fen)合(he)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)重(zhong)新(xin)加(jia)(jia)工黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)品。對制(zhi)造(zao)廠家而言，其(qi)主(zhu)要優點就(jiu)是(shi)大(da)幅度(du)降低(di)凈金屬(shu)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本。廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學制(zhi)品，但不易獲得定量(liang)數據。我國(guo)目(mu)前還(huan)沒有(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun),但隨著我國(guo)工業(ye)化(hua)速度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)快，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回收、貿易以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)所面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會經濟環境已發(fa)生(sheng)了重(zhong)大(da)變化(hua)，不僅(jin)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品種(zhong)構(gou)成變化(hua)較大(da)，而且大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)外(wai)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)各類(lei)可利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)料涌入國(guo)內(nei)，給我國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)提(ti)供(gong)了豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料來(lai)源(yuan)，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)對再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)加(jia)(jia)工提(ti)出了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。因此(ci)，我國(guo)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)加(jia)(jia)緊廢(fei)(fei)(fei)舊金屬(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)定工作。中(zhong)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)工業(ye)協會再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)金屬(shu)分(fen)(fen)會牽頭(tou)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金廢(fei)(fei)(fei)料廢(fei)(fei)(fei)件分(fen)(fen)類(lei)和(he)(he)技術條件》已經列(lie)入技術標(biao)準(zhun)修訂計劃中(zhong)。新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)標(biao)準(zhun)將參照美國(guo)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)標(biao)準(zhun)和(he)(he)歐(ou)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)技術標(biao)準(zhun)，結(jie)合(he)我國(guo)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)色金屬(shu)行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況進(jin)(jin)行修訂，使之更(geng)加(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)企業(ye)和(he)(he)管理部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貫徹(che)實施。

　　廢鐵廢銅回收再生問題

　　普通性能

　　紫(zi)(zi)(zi)銅(tong)(tong)是比較(jiao)純凈的一種銅(tong)(tong)，一般可(ke)近似認(ren)為是純銅(tong)(tong)，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性(xing)、塑(su)性(xing)都較(jiao)好，但強度、硬度較(jiao)差一些(xie)。紫(zi)(zi)(zi)銅(tong)(tong)具有優良的導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)﹑延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)和耐蝕性(xing)。紫(zi)(zi)(zi)銅(tong)(tong)中的微量(liang)雜質對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)(tong)的導(dao)(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)能有嚴重影響。其中鈦、磷(lin)、鐵(tie)、硅等顯著降低電(dian)導(dao)(dao)率,而(er)鎘、鋅等則影響很小(xiao)。硫、硒(xi)、碲等在銅(tong)(tong)中的固溶度很小(xiao),可(ke)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成脆性(xing)化合物,對(dui)(dui)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性(xing)影響不大，但能降低加(jia)工塑(su)性(xing)。

　　紫銅(tong)在(zai)大氣、海水(shui)和某些非氧化性酸（鹽(yan)酸、稀(xi)硫酸）、堿、鹽(yan)溶液及多種(zhong)有機(ji)酸（醋(cu)酸、檸檬酸）中，有良好(hao)的耐蝕性，用于化學工(gong)業(ye)。另(ling)外，紫銅(tong)有良好(hao)的焊(han)接性，可經冷、熱塑性加(jia)工(gong)制成各(ge)種(zhong)半成品和成品。20世(shi)紀70年(nian)代，紫銅(tong)的產(chan)(chan)量超過(guo)了其(qi)他各(ge)類銅(tong)合金(jin)的總產(chan)(chan)量。

　　物理性能

　　紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微量(liang)(liang)雜質對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電、導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)有嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)(xiang)。其中(zhong)鈦、磷(lin)、鐵、硅(gui)等(deng)(deng)顯著降低電導(dao)率,而鎘(ge)、鋅等(deng)(deng)則(ze)影響(xiang)(xiang)很小。氧、硫、硒(xi)、碲(di)等(deng)(deng)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度很小,可(ke)與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)合物(wu),對(dui)導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)影響(xiang)(xiang)不大，但能(neng)(neng)降低加(jia)工塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)。普(pu)通紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)含氫(qing)或一(yi)氧化(hua)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)還原(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)氛中(zhong)加(jia)熱(re)時(shi)(shi)，氫(qing)或一(yi)氧化(hua)碳(tan)易與(yu)(yu)晶界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(Cu2O)作用，產生高(gao)壓水蒸氣(qi)或二氧化(hua)碳(tan)氣(qi)體，可(ke)使(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)破(po)裂(lie)。這種(zhong)現象常稱(cheng)為(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“氫(qing)病”。氧對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)焊(han)接性(xing)(xing)(xing)有害。鉍(bi)或鉛與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成低熔點共(gong)晶，使(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產生熱(re)脆(cui)(cui)；而脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉍(bi)呈薄膜(mo)狀分布在(zai)晶界(jie)時(shi)(shi)，又(you)使(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產生冷脆(cui)(cui)。磷(lin)能(neng)(neng)顯著降低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing),但可(ke)提高(gao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing),改(gai)善焊(han)接性(xing)(xing)(xing)。適量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛、碲(di)、硫等(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)改(gai)善可(ke)切削性(xing)(xing)(xing)。紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)退火(huo)板材的(de)(de)(de)(de)室溫抗拉強度為(wei)22～25公斤力/毫米2,伸長率為(wei)45～50%，布氏(shi)硬度（HB）為(wei)35～45。